fn remove_empty_expression(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    if matches!(

        expr,

        return Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable);

    }

    if !expr.children().is_empty() {

        return Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable);

    }

    let new_expr = match expr {

        Or(_, _) => Atomic(Metadata::new(), Literal(Bool(false))),

        _ => And(Metadata::new(), vec![]), // TODO: (yb33) Change it to a simple vector after we refactor our model,

    Ok(Reduction::pure(new_expr))

}

 * sum([a]) = a

 * ```

 */

fn unwrap_sum(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Sum(_, exprs) if (exprs.len() == 1) => Ok(Reduction::pure(exprs[0].clone())),

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

 * sum(sum(a, b), c) = sum(a, b, c)

 * ```

 */

pub fn flatten_nested_sum(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Sum(metadata, exprs) => {

            let mut new_exprs = Vec::new();

            let mut changed = false;

            for e in exprs {

                match e {

                    Sum(_, sub_exprs) => {

                        changed = true;

                        for e in sub_exprs {

                            new_exprs.push(e.clone());

                        }

                    _ => new_exprs.push(e.clone()),

            if !changed {

            }

            Ok(Reduction::pure(Sum(metadata.clone_dirty(), new_exprs)))

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

* or(or(a, b), c) = or(a, b, c)

* ```

 */

fn unwrap_nested_or(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Or(metadata, exprs) => {

            let mut new_exprs = Vec::new();

            let mut changed = false;

            for e in exprs {

                match e {

                    Or(_, exprs) => {

                        changed = true;

                        for e in exprs {

                            new_exprs.push(e.clone());

                        }

                    _ => new_exprs.push(e.clone()),

            if !changed {

                return Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable);

            }

            Ok(Reduction::pure(Or(metadata.clone_dirty(), new_exprs)))

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

* and(and(a, b), c) = and(a, b, c)

* ```

 */

fn unwrap_nested_and(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        And(metadata, exprs) => {

            let mut new_exprs = Vec::new();

            let mut changed = false;

            for e in exprs {

                match e {

                    And(_, exprs) => {

                        changed = true;

                        for e in exprs {

                            new_exprs.push(e.clone());

                        }

                    _ => new_exprs.push(e.clone()),

            if !changed {

                return Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable);

            }

            Ok(Reduction::pure(And(metadata.clone_dirty(), new_exprs)))

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

* not(not(a)) = a

* ```

 */

fn remove_double_negation(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Not(_, contents) => match contents.as_ref() {

            Not(_, expr_box) => Ok(Reduction::pure(*expr_box.clone())),

            _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

 * and([a]) = a

 * ```

 */

fn remove_trivial_and(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        And(_, exprs) => {

            if exprs.len() == 1 {

                return Ok(Reduction::pure(exprs[0].clone()));

            }

            Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable)

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

 * or([a]) = a

 * ```

 */

fn remove_trivial_or(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        // do not conflict with unwrap_nested_or rule.

        Or(_, exprs) if exprs.len() == 1 && !matches!(exprs[0], Or(_, _)) => {

            Ok(Reduction::pure(exprs[0].clone()))

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

 * or([false, a]) = a

 * ```

 */

fn remove_constants_from_or(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Or(metadata, exprs) => {

            let mut new_exprs = Vec::new();

            let mut changed = false;

            for e in exprs {

                match e {

                    Atomic(metadata, Literal(Bool(val))) => {

                        if *val {

                            return Ok(Reduction::pure(Atomic(

                                metadata.clone_dirty(),

                                Literal(Bool(true)),

                            )));

                        } else {

                            // If we find a false, we can ignore it

                            changed = true;

                        }

                    _ => new_exprs.push(e.clone()),

            if !changed {

                return Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable);

            }

            Ok(Reduction::pure(Or(metadata.clone_dirty(), new_exprs)))

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

 * and([false, a]) = false

 * ```

 */

fn remove_constants_from_and(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        And(metadata, exprs) => {

            let mut new_exprs = Vec::new();

            let mut changed = false;

            for e in exprs {

                match e {

                    Atomic(metadata, Literal(Bool(val))) => {

                        if !*val {

                        } else {

                            // If we find a true, we can ignore it

                            changed = true;

                        }

                    _ => new_exprs.push(e.clone()),

            if !changed {

                return Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable);

            }

            Ok(Reduction::pure(And(metadata.clone_dirty(), new_exprs)))

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

 * not(false) = true

 * ```

 */

fn evaluate_constant_not(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Not(_, contents) => match contents.as_ref() {

            _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

 * min([a, b]) ~> c ; c <= a & c <= b & (c = a | c = b)

 * ```

 */

fn min_to_var(expr: &Expr, mdl: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Min(metadata, exprs) => {

            let new_name = mdl.gensym();

            let mut new_top = Vec::new(); // the new variable must be less than or equal to all the other variables

            let mut disjunction = Vec::new(); // the new variable must be equal to one of the variables

            for e in exprs {

                new_top.push(Leq(

                    Metadata::new(),

                    Box::new(Atomic(Metadata::new(), Reference(new_name.clone()))),

                    Box::new(e.clone()),

                ));

                disjunction.push(Eq(

                    Metadata::new(),

                    Box::new(Atomic(Metadata::new(), Reference(new_name.clone()))),

                    Box::new(e.clone()),

                ));

            }

            new_top.push(Or(Metadata::new(), disjunction));

            let mut new_vars = SymbolTable::new();

            let domain = expr

                .domain_of(&mdl.variables)

                .ok_or(ApplicationError::DomainError)?;

            new_vars.insert(new_name.clone(), DecisionVariable::new(domain));

            Ok(Reduction::new(

                Atomic(Metadata::new(), Reference(new_name)),

                And(metadata.clone_dirty(), new_top),

                new_vars,

            ))

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

 * max([a, b]) ~> c ; c >= a & c >= b & (c = a | c = b)

 * ```

 */

fn max_to_var(expr: &Expr, mdl: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Max(metadata, exprs) => {

            let new_name = mdl.gensym();

            let mut new_top = Vec::new(); // the new variable must be more than or equal to all the other variables

            let mut disjunction = Vec::new(); // the new variable must more than or equal to one of the variables

            for e in exprs {

                new_top.push(Geq(

                    Metadata::new(),

                    Box::new(Atomic(Metadata::new(), Reference(new_name.clone()))),

                    Box::new(e.clone()),

                ));

                disjunction.push(Eq(

                    Metadata::new(),

                    Box::new(Atomic(Metadata::new(), Reference(new_name.clone()))),

                    Box::new(e.clone()),

                ));

            }

            new_top.push(Or(Metadata::new(), disjunction));

            let mut new_vars = SymbolTable::new();

            let domain = expr

                .domain_of(&mdl.variables)

                .ok_or(ApplicationError::DomainError)?;

            new_vars.insert(new_name.clone(), DecisionVariable::new(domain));

            Ok(Reduction::new(

                Atomic(Metadata::new(), Reference(new_name)),

                And(metadata.clone_dirty(), new_top),

                new_vars,

            ))

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

* or(and(a, b), c) = and(or(a, c), or(b, c))

* ```

 */

fn distribute_or_over_and(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    fn find_and(exprs: &[Expr]) -> Option<usize> {

        for (i, e) in exprs.iter().enumerate() {

            if let And(_, _) = e {

                return Some(i);

            }

        None

    }

    match expr {

        Or(_, exprs) => match find_and(exprs) {

            Some(idx) => {

                let mut rest = exprs.clone();

                let and_expr = rest.remove(idx);

                match and_expr {

                    And(metadata, and_exprs) => {

                        let mut new_and_contents = Vec::new();

                        for e in and_exprs {

                            let mut new_or_contents = rest.clone();

                            new_or_contents.push(e.clone());

                            new_and_contents.push(Or(metadata.clone_dirty(), new_or_contents))

                        Ok(Reduction::pure(And(

                            metadata.clone_dirty(),

                            new_and_contents,

                        )))

            None => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

* not(and(a, b)) = or(not a, not b)

* ```

 */

fn distribute_not_over_and(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    for child in expr.universe() {

        if matches!(

            child,

            return Err(RuleNotApplicable);

        }

    match expr {

        Not(_, contents) => match contents.as_ref() {

            And(metadata, exprs) => {

                if exprs.len() == 1 {

                    let single_expr = exprs[0].clone();

                    return Ok(Reduction::pure(Not(

                        Metadata::new(),

                        Box::new(single_expr.clone()),

                    )));

                }

                let mut new_exprs = Vec::new();

                for e in exprs {

                    new_exprs.push(Not(metadata.clone(), Box::new(e.clone())));

                }

                Ok(Reduction::pure(Or(metadata.clone(), new_exprs)))

            _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

* not(or(a, b)) = and(not a, not b)

* ```

 */

fn distribute_not_over_or(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Not(_, contents) => match contents.as_ref() {

            Or(metadata, exprs) => {

                if exprs.len() == 1 {

                }

                let mut new_exprs = Vec::new();

                for e in exprs {

                    new_exprs.push(Not(metadata.clone(), Box::new(e.clone())));

                }

                Ok(Reduction::pure(And(metadata.clone(), new_exprs)))

            _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

        _ => Err(ApplicationError::RuleNotApplicable),

}

fn negated_neq_to_eq(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Not(_, a) => match a.as_ref() {

            Neq(_, b, c) if (!b.can_be_undefined() && !c.can_be_undefined()) => {

                Ok(Reduction::pure(Eq(Metadata::new(), b.clone(), c.clone())))

            _ => Err(RuleNotApplicable),

        _ => Err(RuleNotApplicable),

}

fn negated_eq_to_neq(expr: &Expr, _: &Model) -> ApplicationResult {

    match expr {

        Not(_, a) => match a.as_ref() {

            Eq(_, b, c) if (!b.can_be_undefined() && !c.can_be_undefined()) => {

                Ok(Reduction::pure(Neq(Metadata::new(), b.clone(), c.clone())))

            _ => Err(RuleNotApplicable),

        _ => Err(RuleNotApplicable),

}